One criticism that has been leveled against Christianity fairly consistently by the earth religions is that YHWH is a sky god who distances himself from the earth.
It’s one of the glaring unpaid bills of the church that few Christians even try responding to this. Many from NeoCalvinist and Dispensationalist traditions would probably even agree with the charge! However, even when we have responded, emphasizing the immanence of God in nature, generally our responses have been highly theological – drawing on a few verses from Genesis and/or Psalms we’ve weaved dense intellectual arguments for YHWH as immanent creator of all creation. Rarely, however, have we interacted with this mythologically. I’ve been guilty of this myself.
Teaching my son, though, has reinforced for me the importance and power of narrative. At 3 years old he’s hardly going to remember a theological expose. If it’s going to be digestible, it’s got to be in story form. Yet, is it so much different for most adults – particularly those inclined towards retro-romanticism?
Normally we’re used to thinking about the biblical narratives as focused on the covenant, not creation; on humanity, not the ecosystem; and on a God of the clouds, not an earthy deity. It would seem we have little to draw on. No stories of nature cycles. No stories of YHWH as earth god or sea god which could balance out the popular image of him as sky god.
Or is there?
Looking at the narratives afresh, it is becoming more and more
apparent to me that YHWH is constantly interacting with the gods of
earth and sea as well as the sky, right throughout the Old and New
Testament narratives.
Historians have previously noted that the plagues of Exodus could be read as a power encounter with the Egyptian gods (See here and here
for variant synopses), that on a mythological level they can be read as
a series of interactions with Hapi, Heqt, Geb, Khepfi, Apis, Thoth
(Imhotep), Nut, Anubis, Ra and Osirus. What I am wondering about more
and more though is why bracket that sort of realization to one book of
the Bible? The Greeks and Romans were just as pagan as the Egyptians.
How might the gentiles of the first century, Christian and
non-Christian, have originally interpreted Jesus’ calming of the lake,
of the shaking of the earth at his death, of his cursing of the fig
tree? Could they not conceivably be viewed as power encounters with
Poseidon and Zeus, Gaia and other fertility gods and goddesses? Is it
so inconceivable ancient pagans may have seen it that way?
And what about the rising of Jesus from his earthen tomb?
Revelations explicitly talks of resurrection as a power encounter with
Hades, the Greek god of the underworld and brother of Zeus, that Jesus
undermines the sovereignty of Hades in his own domain. Is it
conceivable that we have de-paganized these narratives too readily, and
that in this post-Christendom age we need to deconstruct our readings
of these texts, allowing for the excluded middle zone of gods and
goddesses?
When we come to the gods and goddesses appropriated by popular culture,
such as Nike, the goddess of victory, and Morpheus, the god of dreams,
consider how this might relate to the resurrection stories, of the
counter cultural vindication of Jesus over and against pagan
authorities, and with the exile stories, with Daniel’s mastery over
dreams in his encounters with the Babylonian magi.
What we see in these narratives is YHWHs mastery of the energies of
earth, sky and sea, a mastery of far greater scope and depth than that
of Zeus, Posidon and Hades. In understanding the relationship between
YHWH and the earth, I wonder whether we focused too myopically on YHWH
as ‘Creator’ and the earth as ‘creation’? Should eco-theology be so
narrowly conceived of as to label it ‘creation theology’? Shouldn’t we
go well beyond the Genesis narrative for our eco-stories?
What begins to emerge for me is a new, more holistic cosmology.
Instead of a two (or three) tiered medieval cosmology of unearthly God
in conflict with an earthy Satan, what emerges is a God of earth, sky
and sea through whom the entire cosmos will be renewed (new heaven, new
earth) and before whom the lesser gods and goddesses, angels and
demons, are relatively powerless. But what sort of power are we
actually talking about? The paradoxical weakness of Jesus nailed to the
cross! The power that dethrones the gods, goddesses and governors is
found in the complete vulnerability of a Galilean peasant. There is a
psychic and political potentiality in Jesus/God that transcends all
archetypal energies in our psyches and social forces in the world
around us. In the narratives of scripture we can see shadows of Gaia
and Kronos bowing down to Jesus.
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